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حدود لبنان المعاصر هي نتاج معاهدة سيفر عام 1920. كانت أراضيها في قلب العصر البرونزي لدويلات المدن الكنعانية (الفينيقية). كجزء من بلاد الشام ، كانت جزءًا من العديد من الإمبراطوريات المتعاقبة عبر التاريخ القديم ، بما في ذلك الإمبراطوريات المصرية والآشورية والبابلية والفارسية الأخمينية والهلنستية والرومانية والساسانية الفارسية.

بعد الفتح الإسلامي لبلاد الشام في القرن السابع ، كانت جزءًا من إمبراطوريات الراشدين والأمويين والعباسيين السلاجقة والفاطميين. كانت دولة طرابلس الصليبية ، التي أسسها ريموند الرابع من تولوز عام 1102 ، تشمل معظم لبنان الحالي ، وانخفضت إلى سلطنة المماليك عام 1289 وأخيراً إلى الإمبراطورية العثمانية في عام 1516. [31] مع تفكك الإمبراطورية العثمانية ، وقع لبنان الكبير تحت الانتداب الفرنسي في عام 1920 ، [32] وحصل على استقلاله في عهد الرئيس بشارة الخوري في عام 1943. تميز تاريخ لبنان منذ الاستقلال بفترات متناوبة من الاستقرار السياسي والازدهار النسبي على أساس بيروت. منصب كمركز إقليمي للتمويل والتجارة ، يتخللها الاضطرابات السياسية والنزاع المسلح (1948 الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية ، الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية 1975-1990 ، 2005 ثورة الأرز ، 2006 حرب لبنان ، 2007 الصراع اللبناني ، 2006-08 احتجاجات لبنانية ، 2008 الصراع في لبنان ، وامتداد الحرب الأهلية السورية 2011 ، والاحتجاجات اللبنانية 2019-2020). [33]

لبنان القديم

خريطة فينيقيا وطرق التجارة
تم العثور على أدلة تعود إلى مستوطنة مبكرة في لبنان في جبيل ، التي تعتبر من بين أقدم المدن المأهولة في العالم. [17] يعود تاريخ الأدلة إلى ما قبل 5000 قبل الميلاد. اكتشف علماء الآثار بقايا أكواخ ما قبل التاريخ بأرضيات من الحجر الجيري محطمة وأسلحة بدائية وأواني دفن خلفتها مجتمعات الصيد في العصر الحجري الحديث والنحاسي الذين عاشوا على شاطئ البحر الأبيض المتوسط منذ أكثر من 7000 عام. [34]

كان لبنان جزءًا من شمال كنعان ، وبالتالي أصبح موطنًا لأحفاد الكنعانيين ، الفينيقيين ، وهم شعب بحري انتشر عبر البحر الأبيض المتوسط في الألفية الأولى قبل الميلاد. [35] كانت أبرز المدن الفينيقية جبيل وصيدا وصور ، بينما كانت مستعمراتها الأكثر شهرة قرطاج في تونس الحالية وكاديز في إسبانيا الحالية. يعود الفضل إلى الفينيقيين في اختراع أقدم الأبجدية التي تم التحقق منها ، والتي ألهمت لاحقًا الأبجدية اليونانية والأبجدية اللاتينية بعد ذلك. تم دمج مدن فينيقيا في الإمبراطورية الأخمينية الفارسية بواسطة كورش الكبير عام 539 قبل الميلاد. تم دمج دول المدن الفينيقية لاحقًا في إمبراطورية الإسكندر الأكبر بعد حصار صور عام 332 قبل الميلاد.

في عام 64 قبل الميلاد ، قام الجنرال الروماني بومبي الكبير بضم منطقة سوريا إلى الجمهورية الرومانية. تم تقسيم المنطقة بعد ذلك إلى مقاطعتين إمبراطوريتين تحت الإمبراطورية الرومانية ، كولي سوريا والفينيقية ، والأخيرة التي كانت أرض لبنان الحالية جزءًا منها.

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سقوط طرابلس بيد المماليك المصريين وتدمير الدولة الصليبية ، محافظة طرابلس ، 1289
أصبحت المنطقة التي هي الآن لبنان ، كما هو الحال مع بقية سوريا وجزء كبير من الأناضول ، مركزًا رئيسيًا للمسيحية في الإمبراطورية الرومانية خلال الانتشار المبكر للإيمان. في أواخر القرن الرابع وأوائل القرن الخامس ، أسس ناسك اسمه مارون تقليدًا رهبانيًا يركز على أهمية التوحيد والزهد بالقرب من سلسلة جبال البحر الأبيض المتوسط المعروفة بجبل لبنان. نشر الرهبان الذين تبعوا مارون تعاليمه بين اللبنانيين في المنطقة. عُرف هؤلاء المسيحيون باسم الموارنة وانتقلوا إلى الجبال لتجنب الاضطهاد الديني من قبل السلطات الرومانية. خلال الحروب الرومانية الفارسية المتكررة التي استمرت لقرون عديدة ، احتل الفرس الساسانيون ما يعرف الآن بلبنان من 619 حتى 629. [39]

خلال القرن السابع ، غزا العرب المسلمون سوريا وأسسوا نظامًا جديدًا ليحل محل البيزنطيين. على الرغم من أن الإسلام واللغة العربية كانا مهيمنين رسميًا في ظل هذا النظام الجديد ، إلا أن عامة الناس تحولوا تدريجياً من المسيحية واللغة السريانية. تمكنت الطائفة المارونية ، على وجه الخصوص ، من الحفاظ على درجة كبيرة من الحكم الذاتي على الرغم من تعاقب الحكام على لبنان وسوريا.

كانت العزلة النسبية (ولكن غير الكاملة) للجبال اللبنانية تعني أن الجبال كانت بمثابة ملجأ في أوقات الأزمات الدينية والسياسية في بلاد الشام. على هذا النحو ، أظهرت الجبال تنوعًا دينيًا ووجود العديد من الطوائف والأديان الراسخة ، ولا سيما الموارنة والدروز والمسلمون الشيعة والإسماعيليون والعلويون واليعقوبيون.
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يُعتقد أن جبيل قد تم احتلالها لأول مرة بين 8800 و 7000 قبل الميلاد [40] واستمرت مأهولة بالسكان منذ 5000 قبل الميلاد ، [41] مما يجعلها من بين أقدم المدن المأهولة في العالم. [42] [43] وهو أحد مواقع التراث العالمي لليونسكو. [44]
خلال القرن الحادي عشر ، اعتنق الدروز

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